Refraction (Bent Thinking) of the Day #33

Circular Reasoning (Petitio Principi):  Having the truth of the conclusion already apparent in one of the premises. Refutation: You cannot prove something by stating it twice.  Example:  Abby: Bob, contraceptive use must be ethically acceptable because the prevention of pregnancy does not violate any moral codes. Side Note: In the example, the clause after the “because” (the reason) says the essentially the same thing as the clause before the “because” (the conclusion).